Abstract
Pre-treatment of ores have in the past been limited to the solid state. SmeltDirect enables the pre-smelting of ores making use of the chemical energy that goes to waste in conventional smelting, reducing the electrical energy requirement substantially. Ferroalloy production in South Africa has been in a death spiral. SmeltDirect is an opportunity to once again make South Africa a dominant ferroalloy producer if there is government protection of the industry.

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Biography
Henk is a Metallurgical Engineer with a Masters degree in business leadership (MBL). During his 40 years of experience in the ferroalloy industry, Henk has produced almost all ferroalloys which include Ferrochrome, Medium Carbon Ferrochrome, Ferromanganese, Medium Carbon Ferromanganese, Silicomanganese and Ferrosilicon and eventually became the General Manager of a smelter. He is currently part of the Executive Technology Development at African Rainbow Minerals and led the development of the ground-breaking SmeltDirect smelting technology.